Penjelasan Logika Fallacy dan Perbedaanya dengan Bias Kognitif
Logical fallacy atau kesalahan logika didefinisikan sebagai kecacatan dalam berpikir atau berargumen yang dapat berupa pelanggaran aturan logika formal (kesalahan struktur) atau informal (masalah pada isi dan konteks), yang sering kali berakar dari, namun berbeda dengan, bias kognitif.
Terdapat dua kategori utama kesesatan berpikir: formal fallacy yang terjadi akibat kesalahan struktur logika silogisme, dan informal fallacy yang terjadi karena argumen yang secara substansi atau rasional lemah meskipun tampak meyakinkan secara bahasa.
Perbedaan mendasar antara logical fallacy dan bias kognitif terletak pada sifatnya di mana logical fallacy membutuhkan argumen yang cacat untuk terwujud, sedangkan bias kognitif adalah masalah pada pola pikir internal yang mendasarinya.
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Apa itu logika Fallacy ?
Kategori Logika Fallacy
a. Formal Fallacy
b. Informal Fallacy
Perbedaan Logika Fallacy dengan Bias Kognitif
Beberapa Jenis Logika Fallacy
- Accent Fallacy
- Accident Fallacy
- Ad Fidentia
- Ad Hoc Rescue
- Ad Hominem (Abusive)
- Ad Hominem (Circumstantial)
- Ad Hominem (Guilt by Association)
- Ad Hominem (Tu quoque)
- Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premise
- Affirming a Disjunct
- Affirming the Consequent
- Alleged Certainty
- Alphabet Soup
- Alternative Advance
- Amazing Familiarity
- Ambiguity Fallacy
- Anonymous Authority
- Anthropomorphism
- Appeal to Accomplishment
- Appeal to Anger
- Appeal to Authority
- Appeal to Celebrity
- Appeal to Closure
- Appeal to Coincidence
- Appeal to Common Belief
- Appeal to Common Folk
- Appeal to Common Sense
- Appeal to Complexity
- Appeal to Consequences
- Appeal to Definition
- Appeal to Desperation
- Appeal to Equality
- Appeal to Emotion
- Appeal to Extremes
- Appeal to Faith
- Appeal to False Authority
- Appeal to Fear
- Appeal to Flattery
- Appeal to Force
- Appeal to Heaven
- Appeal to Intuition
- Appeal to Loyalty
- Appeal to Nature
- Appeal to Normality
- Appeal to Novelty
- Appeal to Pit
- Appeal to Popularity
- Appeal to Possibility
- Appeal to Ridicule
- Appeal to Self-evident Truth
- Appeal to Spite
- Appeal to Stupidity
- Appeal to the Law
- Appeal to the Moon
- Appeal to Tradition
- Appeal to Trust
- Argument by Emotive Language
- Argument by Fast Talking
- Argument by Gibberish
- Argument by Personal Charm
- Argument by Pigheadedness
- Argument by Repetition
- Argument by Selective Reading
- Argument from Age
- Argument from Fallacy
- Argument from Hearsay
- Argument from Ignorance
- Argument from Incredulity
- Argument from Silence
- Argument of the Beard
- Argument to Moderation
- Argument to the Purse
- Avoiding the Issue
- Base Rate Fallacy
- Begging the Question
- Biased Sample Fallacy
- Blind Authority Fallacy
- Broken Window Fallacy
- Bulverism
- Causal Reductionism
- Cherry Picking
- Circular Definition
- Circular Reasoning
- Commutation of Conditionals
- Complex Question Fallacy
- Conflicting Conditions
- Confusing an Explanation with an Excuse
- Confusing Currently Unexplained with Unexplainable
- Conjunction Fallacy
- Conspiracy Theory
- Contextomy
- Deceptive Sharing
- Definist Fallacy
- Denying a Conjunct
- Denying the Antecedent
- Denying the Correlative
- Disjunction Fallacy
- Distinction Without a Difference
- Double Standard
- Ecological Fallacy
- Etymological Fallacy
- Equivocation
- Exclusive Premises
- Existential Fallacy
- Extended Analogy
- Fact-to-Fiction Fallacy
- Failure to Elucidate
- Fake Precision
- Fallacy of (the) Undistributed Middle
- Fallacy of Composition
- Fallacy of Division
- Fallacy of Every and All
- Fallacy of Four Terms
- Fallacy of Opposition
- False Attribution
- False Conversion
- False Dilemma
- False Effect
- False Equivalence
- Fantasy Projection
- Far-Fetched Hypothesis
- Faulty Comparison
- Gadarene Swine Fallacy
- Galileo Fallacy
- Gambler's Fallacy
- Genetic Fallacy
- Gish Gallop
- Hasty Generalization
- Having Your Cake
- Hedging
- Historian's Fallacy
- Homunculus Fallacy
- Hot Hand Fallacy
- Hypnotic Bait and Switch
- Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
- Identity Fallacy
- If-By-Whiskey
- Illicit Contraposition
- Illicit Major
- Illicit Minor
- Illicit Substitution of Identicals
- Imposter Fallacy
- Incomplete Comparison
- Inconsistency
- Inflation of Conflict
- Insignificant Cause
- Jumping to Conclusions
- Just Because Fallacy
- Just In Case Fallacy
- Kettle Logic
- Least Plausible Hypothesis
- Limited Depth
- Limited Scope
- Logic Chopping
- Ludic Fallacy
- Lying with Statistics
- Magical Thinking
- McNamara Fallacy
- Meaningless Question
- Misleading Vividness
- Missing Data Fallacy
- Modal (Scope) Fallacy
- Moralistic Fallacy
- Moving the Goalposts
- Multiple Comparisons Fallacy
- Naturalistic Fallacy
- Negating Antecedent and Consequent
- Negative Conclusion from Affirmative Premises
- Nirvana Fallacy
- No True Scotsman
- Non Sequitur
- Notable Effort
- Nutpicking Fallacy
- Overextended Outrage
- Oversimplified Cause Fallacy
- Overwhelming Exception
- Package-Deal Fallacy
- Poisoning the Well
- Political Correctness Fallacy
- Post-Designation
- Post Hoc
- Pragmatic Fallacy
- Prejudicial Language
- Proof by Intimidation
- Proof Surrogate
- Proving Non-Existence
- Psychogenetic Fallacy
- Quantifier-Shift Fallacy
- Quantum Physics Fallacy
- Questionable Cause
- Rationalization
- Red Herring
- Reductio ad Hitlerum
- Regression Fallacy
- Reification
- Relative Privation
- Retrogressive Causation
- Righteousness Fallacy
- Rights To Ought Fallacy
- Scapegoating
- Self-righteousness Fallacy
- Selective Attention
- Self-Sealing Argument
- Shifting of the Burden of Proof
- Shoehorning
- Slippery Slope
- Special Pleading
- Spiritual Fallacy
- Spin Doctoring
- Spotlight Fallacy
- Statement of Conversion
- Stereotyping (the fallacy)
- Stolen Concept Fallacy
- Strawman Fallacy
- Style Over Substance
- Subjectivist Fallacy
- Subverted Support
- Sunk-Cost Fallacy
- Suppressed Correlative
- Survivorship Fallacy
- Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy
- Tokenism
- Traitorous Critic Fallacy
- Two Wrongs Make a Right
- Type-Token Fallacy
- Unfalsifiability
- Unwarranted Contrast
- Use-Mention Error
- Weak Analogy
- Willed Ignorance
- Wishful Thinking
- Pseudo-Logical Fallacies (Kesesatan Berpikir Semu/Tidak Resmi):
- Absence of Evidence
- Alternative Fact / Alternative Truth
- Appeal to Biased Authority
- Appeal to Snobbery
- Appeal to the Stone
- Appeal to Values
- Appeal to Virtue
- Argument by Uninformed Opinion
- Argument from Design
- Argument from Final Consequences
- Argument to the Future
- Argumentum ad Captandum
- Argumentum ad Exemplum
- Blood is Thicker than Water
- Bribery
- Canceling Hypotheses
- Chronological Snobbery
- Confesses Under Dogmatism
- Double Bind
- Double Counting
- Essentializing Fallacy
- Exception That Proves the Rule
- Faulty Sign
- Furtive Fallacy
- God Wildcard Fallacy
- Golden Hammer Fallacy
- Hifalutin’ Denunciations
- I Wish I Had a Magic Wand
- In a Certain Respect and Simply
- Insignificance
- Intentional Fallacy
- Knights and Knaves
- Lack of Proportion
- Lump of Labor Fallacy
- Mind Projection Fallacy
- Monopolizing the Question
- Motte-and-bailey Fallacy
- Needling
- Outdated Information
- Over-Fitting
- Packing the House
- Paralogism
- Paralysis of Analysis
- Psychologist’s Fallacy
- Reductionism
- Referential Fallacy
- Retrospective Determinism
- Sealioning
- Self-Deception
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Sherlock Holmes Fallacy
- Sly Suggestion
- Syllogistic Fallacy
- Taboo
- Tautology
- Testimonials
- Too Narrow
- Vacuous truth
- Undoability
- Weasel Wording
- Whataboutism
- Word Magic
Bennett, B. (2021). Logically fallacious: The ultimate collection of over 300 logical fallacies. Archieboy Holdings, LLC.